Rules for drivers and motorcyclists (89 to 102)

Rules for drivers and motorcyclists, including vehicle condition, fitness to drive, alcohol and drugs, what to do before setting off, vehicle towing and loading, and seat belts and child restraints.

Vehicle condition (rule 89)

Rule 89

Vehicle condition. You MUST ensure your vehicle and trailer comply with the full requirements of the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations and Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations (see ‘The road user and the law’).

Fitness to drive (rules 90 to 94)

Rule 90

Make sure that you are fit to drive. You MUST report to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) any health condition likely to affect your driving.

Rule 91

Driving when you are tired greatly increases your risk of collision. To minimise this risk

make sure you are fit to drive. Do not begin a journey if you are tired. Get sufficient sleep before embarking on a long journey
avoid undertaking long journeys between midnight and 6 am, when natural alertness is at a minimum
plan your journey to take sufficient breaks. A minimum break of at least 15 minutes after every two hours of driving is recommended
if you feel sleepy, stop in a safe place. Do not stop in an emergency area or on a hard shoulder of a motorway (see Rule 262 for guidance on places to take a break when travelling on motorways).

Rule 92

Vision. You MUST be able to read a vehicle number plate, in good daylight, from a distance of 20 metres (or 20.5 metres where the old style number plate is used). If you need to wear glasses (or contact lenses) to do this, you MUST wear them at all times while driving. The police have the power to require a driver to undertake an eyesight test.

Rule 93

Slow down, and if necessary stop, if you are dazzled by bright sunlight.

Rule 94

At night or in poor visibility, do not use tinted glasses, lenses or visors if they restrict your vision.

Alcohol and drugs (rules 95 to 96)

Rule 95

Do not drink and drive as it will seriously affect your judgement and abilities.

In England and Wales you MUST NOT drive with a breath alcohol level higher than 35 microgrammes/100 millilitres of breath or a blood alcohol level of more than 80 milligrammes/100 millilitres of blood.

In Scotland the legal limits are lower. You MUST NOT drive with a breath alcohol level higher than 22 microgrammes/100 millilitres of breath or a blood alcohol level of more than 50 milligrammes/100 millilitres of blood.

Alcohol will

give a false sense of confidence
reduce co-ordination and slow down reactions
affect judgement of speed, distance and risk
reduce your driving ability, even if you’re below the legal limit
take time to leave your body; you may be unfit to drive in the evening after drinking at lunchtime, or in the morning after drinking the previous evening.

The best solution is not to drink at all when planning to drive because any amount of alcohol affects your ability to drive safely. If you are going to drink, arrange another means of transport.

Rule 96

You MUST NOT drive under the influence of drugs or medicine. For medicines, check with your doctor or pharmacist and do not drive if you are advised that you may be impaired.

You MUST NOT drive if you have illegal drugs or certain medicines in your blood above specified limits. It is highly dangerous so never take illegal drugs if you intend to drive; the effects are unpredictable, but can be even more severe than alcohol and result in fatal or serious road crashes. Illegal drugs have been specified at very low levels so even small amounts of use could be above the specified limits. The limits for certain medicines have been specified at higher levels, above the levels generally found in the blood of patients who have taken normal therapeutic doses. If you are found to have a concentration of a drug above its specified limit in your blood because you have been prescribed or legitimately supplied a particularly high dose of medicine, then you can raise a statutory medical defence, provided your driving was not impaired by the medicine you are taking.

Before setting off (rule 97)

Rule 97

Before setting off. You MUST ensure that

you have a valid licence and insurance to drive the vehicle you intend to use (see Motor vehicle documentation and learner driver requirements)
your vehicle is legal and roadworthy (see Motor vehicle documentation and learner driver requirements and Vehicle maintenance, safety and security for important vehicle maintenance and safety checks).

You SHOULD ensure that

you have planned your route and allowed sufficient time for breaks and possible delays
you have sufficient fuel or charge for your journey, especially if it includes motorway driving
you know where all the controls are and how to use them
clothing and footwear do not prevent you using the controls in the correct manner
your mirrors and seat are adjusted correctly to ensure comfort, full control and maximum vision
head restraints are properly adjusted to reduce the risk of neck and spine injuries in the event of a collision.

It is recommended for emergency use that

you have a mobile telephone containing emergency contacts (e.g. breakdown assistance)
you have high-visibility clothing.

Rule 97: Make sure head restraints are properly adjusted

Vehicle towing and loading (rule 98)

Rule 98

Before towing. As a driver

you MUST NOT tow more than your licence permits. If you passed your car driving test on or after 1 January 1997, you are restricted on the weight of trailer you can tow
you MUST ensure that both your vehicle and your trailer are in a roadworthy condition. This includes checking that all tyres are legal, the trailer braking system is in full working order and all trailer lights are working correctly
you MUST NOT overload your vehicle or trailer. You should not tow a weight greater than that recommended by the manufacturer of your vehicle
you should distribute the weight in your caravan or trailer evenly with heavy items over the axle(s) and ensure a downward load on the tow ball. The manufacturer’s recommended weight and tow ball load should not be exceeded. This should minimise the possibility of swerving or snaking and loss of control
you MUST secure your load and it MUST NOT stick out dangerously. Make sure any heavy or sharp objects and any animals are secured safely. If there is a collision, they might hit someone inside the vehicle and cause serious injury
if your vehicle is narrower than your trailer or load, or your trailer or load obstructs your rearward view, then towing mirrors MUST be used
your trailer MUST be fitted with a secondary coupling device, such as a safety chain
carrying a load or pulling a trailer may require you to adjust your headlights.

During towing. As a driver

you should be aware that reduced speed limits apply (see Rule 124)
you should be aware that your stopping distance may increase significantly when towing (see Rule 126)
you MUST NOT drive in the right-hand lane on motorways with three or more lanes (see Rule 265)
if the trailer starts to swerve or snake, or you lose control, ease off the accelerator and reduce speed gently to regain control. Do not brake harshly.

Breakdowns. In the event of a breakdown, be aware

that towing a vehicle on a tow rope is potentially dangerous. You should consider using a solid tow bar or professional recovery
it may take longer to build up speed when rejoining a carriageway (see also Rule 278).

For additional advice about towing safely, see Further reading.

Seat belts and child restraints (rules 99 to 102)

Rule 99

You MUST wear a seat belt in cars, vans and other goods vehicles if one is fitted (see table below). Adults, and children aged 14 years and over, MUST use a seat belt or child restraint, where fitted, when seated in minibuses, buses and coaches. Exemptions are allowed for the holders of medical exemption certificates and those making deliveries or collections in goods vehicles when travelling less than 50 metres (approx 162 feet).

Seat belt requirements. This table summarises the main legal requirements for wearing seat belts in cars, vans and other goods vehicles.

	Front seat	Rear seat	Who is responsible?
Driver	Seat belt MUST be worn if fitted	-	Driver
Child under 3 years of age	Correct child restraint MUST be used	Correct child restraint MUST be used. If one is not available in a taxi, may travel unrestrained.	Driver
Child from 3rd birthday up to 1.35 metres in height (or 12th birthday, whichever they reach first)	Correct child restraint MUST be used	Correct child restraint MUST be used where seat belts fitted. MUST use adult belt if correct child restraint is not available in a licensed taxi or private hire vehicle, or for reasons of unexpected necessity over a short distance, or if two occupied restraints prevent fitment of a third.	Driver
Child over 1.35 metres (approx 4ft 5ins) in height or 12 or 13 years	Seat belt MUST be worn if available	Seat belt MUST be worn if available	Driver
Adult passengers aged 14 and over	Seat belt MUST be worn if available	Seat belt MUST be worn if available	Passenger

Rule 100

The driver MUST ensure that all children under 14 years of age in cars, vans and other goods vehicles wear seat belts or sit in an approved child restraint where required (see table above). If a child is under 1.35 metres (approx 4 feet 5 inches) tall, a baby seat, child seat, booster seat or booster cushion MUST be used suitable for the child’s weight and fitted to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Rule 100: Make sure that a child uses a suitable restraint which is correctly adjusted

Rule 101

A rear-facing baby seat MUST NOT be fitted into a seat protected by an active frontal airbag, as in a crash it can cause serious injury or death to the child.

Rule 102

Children in cars, vans and other goods vehicles. Drivers who are carrying children in cars, vans and other goods vehicles should also ensure that

children should get into the vehicle through the door nearest the kerb
child restraints are properly fitted to manufacturer’s instructions
children do not sit behind the rear seats in an estate car or hatchback, unless a special child seat has been fitted
the child safety door locks, where fitted, are used when children are in the vehicle
children are kept under control.

Author's Explanation

Vehicle Condition and Fitness to Drive Explained (Rules 89–94)

Before driving, every driver is responsible for making sure their vehicle is safe, legal and suitable for the journey. Regular checks help identify problems with the vehicle and reduce the risk of breakdowns or collisions caused by poor maintenance.

Drivers must also make sure they are physically and mentally fit to drive. Tiredness, poor eyesight, alcohol, drugs or certain medical conditions can seriously affect reaction times, judgement and the ability to control a vehicle safely.

Planning ahead is an important part of safe driving. Taking breaks during long journeys, wearing glasses if required and adjusting driving behaviour for conditions such as bright sunlight or darkness can help reduce risks on the road.

Real-Life Examples

Example 1: A driver checks tyres, lights and basic vehicle condition before starting a long journey to make sure the vehicle is roadworthy.

Example 2: A driver feels tired during a motorway journey and stops at a safe location for a proper break instead of continuing while sleepy.

Example 3: A driver who needs glasses for the required eyesight standard wears them whenever driving to maintain a clear view of the road.

Example 4: A driver slows down when strong sunlight affects visibility instead of continuing at the same speed.

Frequently Asked Questions

What should drivers check before driving?

Drivers should make sure their vehicle is legal, roadworthy and safe to use. Basic checks include ensuring important equipment such as lights and tyres are working correctly.

How does tiredness affect driving?

Tiredness reduces concentration, slows reactions and increases the chance of making dangerous decisions. Drivers should take regular breaks and avoid driving when they feel sleepy.

Do drivers need to report medical conditions?

Yes. Drivers must inform the DVLA about health conditions that could affect their ability to drive safely.

What should drivers do if sunlight affects their vision?

Drivers should reduce speed and stop if necessary when bright sunlight makes it difficult to see clearly.

What eyesight standard must drivers meet?

Drivers must be able to read a vehicle number plate from the required distance in good daylight. If glasses or contact lenses are needed, they must be worn while driving.

Author's Explanation

Alcohol, Drugs and Preparing for a Journey Explained (Rules 95–97)

Driving requires full concentration, good judgement and quick reactions. Alcohol, illegal drugs and some medicines can reduce a driver's ability to control a vehicle safely, even when the driver feels confident or believes they are within legal limits.

The safest choice is not to drink alcohol if you plan to drive. Drivers should also check medical advice before taking certain medicines and avoid driving if their ability may be affected.

Before setting off, drivers should make sure they are prepared for the journey. This includes having the correct documents, checking the vehicle is safe, planning the route, adjusting mirrors and seats, and ensuring they have enough fuel or charge.

Real-Life Examples

Example 1: A driver decides not to drink alcohol before a journey and chooses another form of transport after a social event.

Example 2: A driver checks with a doctor or pharmacist whether prescribed medicine could affect their ability to drive safely.

Example 3: Before a long journey, a driver adjusts the mirrors and seat correctly and plans rest stops to avoid fatigue.

Example 4: A driver checks their fuel level before entering a motorway to avoid stopping in an unsafe location.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you drive after drinking alcohol?

Driving after drinking alcohol is dangerous because it affects judgement, reactions and coordination. The safest option is to avoid alcohol completely when planning to drive.

Can medicines affect driving ability?

Yes. Some medicines can affect concentration, alertness or reactions. Drivers should check advice from their doctor or pharmacist before driving.

What should drivers do before a long journey?

Drivers should plan their route, allow enough time, take breaks, check vehicle condition and make sure they have enough fuel or charge.

Why is driving under the influence of drugs dangerous?

Drugs can have unpredictable effects and may seriously reduce reaction speed, concentration and decision-making ability.

What should drivers adjust before setting off?

Drivers should adjust their seat, mirrors and head restraints so they have good visibility and full control of the vehicle.

Author's Explanation

Vehicle Towing and Loading Explained (Rule 98)

Towing a trailer or carrying a heavy load changes how a vehicle handles. Drivers need to make sure their vehicle and trailer are legal, correctly maintained and suitable for the weight being carried or towed.

A poorly loaded trailer can affect steering, braking and stability. Heavy items should be positioned safely, the load must be secured properly and weight limits must never be exceeded.

Drivers should remember that towing increases stopping distances and may require slower speeds. Extra care is needed when joining traffic, changing lanes and dealing with trailer movement such as swerving or snaking.

Real-Life Examples

Example 1: A driver checks that their trailer tyres, lights and braking system are working correctly before starting a journey.

Example 2: A driver loads a caravan by placing heavier items over the axle area and securing loose objects to prevent movement.

Example 3: A driver towing a trailer keeps extra distance from other vehicles because the stopping distance is longer.

Example 4: A trailer begins to move from side to side, so the driver gently reduces speed instead of braking suddenly.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can any vehicle tow any trailer?

No. Drivers must make sure their licence allows them to tow the trailer and that the vehicle is suitable for the weight being towed.

How should a trailer load be positioned?

The load should be distributed evenly, with heavier items positioned safely and secured so they cannot move during the journey.

Does towing affect stopping distance?

Yes. A vehicle towing a trailer needs more time and distance to stop, so drivers should leave a larger safety gap.

What should a driver do if a trailer starts to snake?

The driver should ease off the accelerator and reduce speed gradually. Sudden braking can make the situation worse.

Why must loads be secured?

Unsecured loads can move during driving or a collision, causing loss of control or serious injuries to people inside and outside the vehicle.

Author's Explanation

Seat Belts and Child Restraints Explained (Rules 99–102)

Seat belts and child restraints are designed to reduce injuries during collisions. Drivers and passengers must use seat belts where fitted, while children must use suitable restraints based on their age, height and weight.

Drivers are responsible for making sure children under 14 years old are correctly secured in the vehicle. Child seats and booster seats must be fitted according to the manufacturer's instructions to provide proper protection.

Extra care is needed when transporting children. Rear-facing baby seats must never be placed where an active front airbag could strike them, and children should be kept safe and supervised throughout the journey.

Real-Life Examples

Example 1: A driver checks that every passenger has their seat belt fastened before moving the vehicle.

Example 2: A parent installs a child seat according to the manufacturer's instructions and checks that it is securely fitted.

Example 3: A driver avoids placing a rear-facing baby seat in a front passenger seat with an active airbag.

Example 4: A driver ensures children enter the vehicle from the safer side near the kerb when possible.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do adults have to wear seat belts?

Yes. Adults must wear a seat belt when one is fitted in cars, vans and other vehicles where seat belt use is required.

Who is responsible for children wearing seat belts?

The driver is responsible for ensuring children under 14 years old use the correct seat belt or child restraint where required.

When must a child use a child restraint?

Children must use a suitable child restraint until they reach the required height or age limits. The restraint must be suitable for their size and fitted correctly.

Can a rear-facing baby seat be used with an active airbag?

No. A rear-facing baby seat must not be fitted where there is an active front passenger airbag because it can cause serious injury to the child.

How should child seats be fitted?

Child restraints should always be fitted according to the manufacturer's instructions to make sure they provide the intended protection.